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  }}</ref> Phenomics, in particular, discussed by these authors (see you [[wikipedia:Phenomics|Phenomics]]) ) is a general research field that involves the measurement of changes in the teeth and associated orofacial structures resulting from the interactions between genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors during development.<ref>Yong R, Ranjitkar S, Townsend GC, ''et al'' . [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12156 Dental phenomics: advancing genotype to phenotype correlations in craniofacial research]. ''Aust Dent J'' 2014; doi:10.1111/adj.12156</ref> In this same context, the work of Irma Thesleff from Helsinki in Finland should be highlighted. She explains in her work that there are a series of transient signalling centres in the dental epithelium that play important roles in the programme of tooth development;<ref>Thesleff I. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12102 Current understanding of the process of tooth formation: transfer from the laboratory to the clinic]. ''Aust Dent J'' 2013; doi:10.1111/adj.12102</ref> Besides there are works of Peterkova R, Hovor akova M, Peterka M, Lesot H providing a fascinating review of the processes that occur during dental development;<ref>Peterkova R, Hovorakova M, Peterka M, Lesot H. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12130 Three‐dimensional analysis of the early development of the dentition.] ''Aust Dent J'' 2014; doi:10.1111/adj.12130</ref><ref>Lesot H, Hovorakova M, Peterka M, Peterkova R. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12132 Three‐dimensional analysis of molar development in the mouse from the cap to bell stage.] ''Aust Dent J'' 2014; doi:10.1111/adj.12132 .</ref><ref>Hughes TE, Townsend GC, Pinkerton SK, ''et al'' . [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12101 The teeth and faces of twins: providing insights into dentofacial development and oral health for practising oral health professionals.] ''Aust Dent J'' 2013; doi:10.1111/adj.12101 .</ref> and finally the works of Han J, Menicanin D, Gronthos S,and  Bartold PM. which review comprehensive documentation on stem cells, tissue engineering and periodontal regeneration.<ref>Han J, Menicanin D, Gronthos S, Bartold PM. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12100 Stem cells, tissue engineering and periodontal regeneration]. ''Aust Dent J'' 2013; doi:10.1111/adj.12100</ref>

  }}</ref> Phenomics, in particular, discussed by these authors (see you [[wikipedia:Phenomics|Phenomics]]) ) is a general research field that involves the measurement of changes in the teeth and associated orofacial structures resulting from the interactions between genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors during development.<ref>{{Cite book

| autore = Yong R

| autore2 = Ranjitkar S

| autore3 = Townsend GC

| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12156

| opera = Aust Dent J

| anno = 2014

| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12156

}}</ref> In this same context, the work of Irma Thesleff from Helsinki in Finland should be highlighted. She explains in her work that there are a series of transient signalling centres in the dental epithelium that play important roles in the programme of tooth development;<ref>Thesleff I. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12102 Current understanding of the process of tooth formation: transfer from the laboratory to the clinic]. ''Aust Dent J'' 2013; doi:10.1111/adj.12102</ref> Besides there are works of Peterkova R, Hovor akova M, Peterka M, Lesot H providing a fascinating review of the processes that occur during dental development;<ref>Peterkova R, Hovorakova M, Peterka M, Lesot H. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12130 Three‐dimensional analysis of the early development of the dentition.] ''Aust Dent J'' 2014; doi:10.1111/adj.12130</ref><ref>Lesot H, Hovorakova M, Peterka M, Peterkova R. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12132 Three‐dimensional analysis of molar development in the mouse from the cap to bell stage.] ''Aust Dent J'' 2014; doi:10.1111/adj.12132 .</ref><ref>Hughes TE, Townsend GC, Pinkerton SK, ''et al'' . [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12101 The teeth and faces of twins: providing insights into dentofacial development and oral health for practising oral health professionals.] ''Aust Dent J'' 2013; doi:10.1111/adj.12101 .</ref> and finally the works of Han J, Menicanin D, Gronthos S,and  Bartold PM. which review comprehensive documentation on stem cells, tissue engineering and periodontal regeneration.<ref>Han J, Menicanin D, Gronthos S, Bartold PM. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12100 Stem cells, tissue engineering and periodontal regeneration]. ''Aust Dent J'' 2013; doi:10.1111/adj.12100</ref>

In this review, arguments could not be missing on genetic, epigenetic and environmental influences during morphogenesis that lead to variations in the number, size and shape of the tooth<ref>A H Brook, J Jernvall, R N Smith, T E Hughes, G C Townsend. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24646162/?from_single_result=he+dentition%3A+the+outcomes+of+morphogenesis+leading+to+variations+of+tooth+number%2C+size+and+shape The Dentition: The Outcomes of Morphogenesis Leading to Variations of Tooth Number, Size and Shape.] . 2014 Jun;59 Suppl 1:131-42. doi: 10.1111/adj.12160. Epub 2014 Mar 20.</ref><ref>W K Seow . [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24164394/?from_single_result=Developmental+defects+of+enamel+and+dentine%3A+challenges+for+basic+science+research+and+clinical+management. Developmental Defects of Enamel and Dentine: Challenges for Basic Science Research and Clinical Management].. 2014 Jun;59 Suppl 1:143-54. doi: 10.1111/adj.12104. Epub 2013 Oct 27.</ref> and the influence of tongue pressure on growth and craniofacial function.<ref>Kieser JA, Farland MG, Jack H, Farella M, Wang Y, Rohrle O. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12103 The role of oral soft tissues in swallowing function: what can tongue pressure tell us?] ''Aust Dent J'' 2013; doi:10.1111/adj.12103</ref><ref name=":1">H C Slavkin. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6573384/?from_term=%22language+logic+in+medicine%22&from_filter=journalcategory.dentaljournals&from_pos=5 Research on Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology: Implications for the Future of Academic Dentistry.]. J Dent Educ. 1983 Apr;47(4):231-8.</ref>

In this review, arguments could not be missing on genetic, epigenetic and environmental influences during morphogenesis that lead to variations in the number, size and shape of the tooth<ref>A H Brook, J Jernvall, R N Smith, T E Hughes, G C Townsend. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24646162/?from_single_result=he+dentition%3A+the+outcomes+of+morphogenesis+leading+to+variations+of+tooth+number%2C+size+and+shape The Dentition: The Outcomes of Morphogenesis Leading to Variations of Tooth Number, Size and Shape.] . 2014 Jun;59 Suppl 1:131-42. doi: 10.1111/adj.12160. Epub 2014 Mar 20.</ref><ref>W K Seow . [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24164394/?from_single_result=Developmental+defects+of+enamel+and+dentine%3A+challenges+for+basic+science+research+and+clinical+management. Developmental Defects of Enamel and Dentine: Challenges for Basic Science Research and Clinical Management].. 2014 Jun;59 Suppl 1:143-54. doi: 10.1111/adj.12104. Epub 2013 Oct 27.</ref> and the influence of tongue pressure on growth and craniofacial function.<ref>Kieser JA, Farland MG, Jack H, Farella M, Wang Y, Rohrle O. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12103 The role of oral soft tissues in swallowing function: what can tongue pressure tell us?] ''Aust Dent J'' 2013; doi:10.1111/adj.12103</ref><ref name=":1">H C Slavkin. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6573384/?from_term=%22language+logic+in+medicine%22&from_filter=journalcategory.dentaljournals&from_pos=5 Research on Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology: Implications for the Future of Academic Dentistry.]. J Dent Educ. 1983 Apr;47(4):231-8.</ref>