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The logic of classical language (view source)

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}}</ref> in which the authors question the status quo of both fundamental and applied research in 'Craniofacial Biology' to extract clinical considerations and implications. One topic covered was the "Interdisciplinary Approach" in which Geoffrey Sperber and his son Steven<ref>{{Cite book

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}}</ref> in which the authors question the status quo of both fundamental and applied research in 'Craniofacial Biology' to extract clinical considerations and implications. One topic covered was the "Interdisciplinary Approach" in which Geoffrey Sperber and his son Steven saw the strength point of the exponential progress of 'Craniofacial Biology' in technological innovations such as gene sequencing, CAT scanning, MRI imaging, scanning laser, image analysis, ultrasonography and spectroscopy<ref>{{Cite book

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}}</ref> saw the strength point of the exponential progress of 'Craniofacial Biology' in technological innovations such as gene sequencing, CAT scanning, MRI imaging, scanning laser, image analysis, ultrasonography and spectroscopy.

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Another topic of great interest for the implementation of 'Craniofacial Biology' is the awareness that biological systems are 'Complex Systems'<ref>{{Cite book

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}}</ref> and that 'Epigenetics' plays a key role in craniofacial molecular biology. Researchers from Adelaide and Sydney provide a critical review in the field of epigenetics aimed, in fact, at the dental and craniofacial disciplines.<ref>Williams SD, Hughes TE, Adler CJ, Brook AH, Townsend GC~~. [~~https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/~~abs~~/10.1111/adj.12155 ~~Epigenetics: a new frontier in dentistry.] ''~~Aust Dent J'' 2014~~; doi:~~10.1111/adj.12155 ~~[Epub ahead of print].~~</ref> Phenomics, in particular, discussed by these authors (see you [[wikipedia:Phenomics|Phenomics]]) ) is a general research field that involves the measurement of changes in the teeth and associated orofacial structures resulting from the interactions between genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors during development.<ref>Yong R, Ranjitkar S, Townsend GC, ''et al'' . [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12156 Dental phenomics: advancing genotype to phenotype correlations in craniofacial research]. ''Aust Dent J'' 2014; doi:10.1111/adj.12156</ref> In this same context, the work of Irma Thesleff from Helsinki in Finland should be highlighted. She explains in her work that there are a series of transient signalling centres in the dental epithelium that play important roles in the programme of tooth development;<ref>Thesleff I. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12102 Current understanding of the process of tooth formation: transfer from the laboratory to the clinic]. ''Aust Dent J'' 2013; doi:10.1111/adj.12102</ref> Besides there are works of Peterkova R, Hovor akova M, Peterka M, Lesot H providing a fascinating review of the processes that occur during dental development;<ref>Peterkova R, Hovorakova M, Peterka M, Lesot H. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12130 Three‐dimensional analysis of the early development of the dentition.] ''Aust Dent J'' 2014; doi:10.1111/adj.12130</ref><ref>Lesot H, Hovorakova M, Peterka M, Peterkova R. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12132 Three‐dimensional analysis of molar development in the mouse from the cap to bell stage.] ''Aust Dent J'' 2014; doi:10.1111/adj.12132 .</ref><ref>Hughes TE, Townsend GC, Pinkerton SK, ''et al'' . [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12101 The teeth and faces of twins: providing insights into dentofacial development and oral health for practising oral health professionals.] ''Aust Dent J'' 2013; doi:10.1111/adj.12101 .</ref> and finally the works of Han J, Menicanin D, Gronthos S,and Bartold PM. which review comprehensive documentation on stem cells, tissue engineering and periodontal regeneration.<ref>Han J, Menicanin D, Gronthos S, Bartold PM. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12100 Stem cells, tissue engineering and periodontal regeneration]. ''Aust Dent J'' 2013; doi:10.1111/adj.12100</ref>

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}}</ref> and that 'Epigenetics' plays a key role in craniofacial molecular biology. Researchers from Adelaide and Sydney provide a critical review in the field of epigenetics aimed, in fact, at the dental and craniofacial disciplines.<ref>{{Cite book

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| autore2 = Hughes TE

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| autore3 = Adler CJ

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| autore4 = Brook AH

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| autore5 = Townsend GC

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| titolo = Epigenetics: a new frontier in dentistry

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| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12155

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| opera = Aust Dent J

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| anno = 2014

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| editore = Australian Dental Association

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| PMID = 24611746

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| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12155

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}}</ref> Phenomics, in particular, discussed by these authors (see you [[wikipedia:Phenomics|Phenomics]]) ) is a general research field that involves the measurement of changes in the teeth and associated orofacial structures resulting from the interactions between genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors during development.<ref>Yong R, Ranjitkar S, Townsend GC, ''et al'' . [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12156 Dental phenomics: advancing genotype to phenotype correlations in craniofacial research]. ''Aust Dent J'' 2014; doi:10.1111/adj.12156</ref> In this same context, the work of Irma Thesleff from Helsinki in Finland should be highlighted. She explains in her work that there are a series of transient signalling centres in the dental epithelium that play important roles in the programme of tooth development;<ref>Thesleff I. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12102 Current understanding of the process of tooth formation: transfer from the laboratory to the clinic]. ''Aust Dent J'' 2013; doi:10.1111/adj.12102</ref> Besides there are works of Peterkova R, Hovor akova M, Peterka M, Lesot H providing a fascinating review of the processes that occur during dental development;<ref>Peterkova R, Hovorakova M, Peterka M, Lesot H. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12130 Three‐dimensional analysis of the early development of the dentition.] ''Aust Dent J'' 2014; doi:10.1111/adj.12130</ref><ref>Lesot H, Hovorakova M, Peterka M, Peterkova R. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12132 Three‐dimensional analysis of molar development in the mouse from the cap to bell stage.] ''Aust Dent J'' 2014; doi:10.1111/adj.12132 .</ref><ref>Hughes TE, Townsend GC, Pinkerton SK, ''et al'' . [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12101 The teeth and faces of twins: providing insights into dentofacial development and oral health for practising oral health professionals.] ''Aust Dent J'' 2013; doi:10.1111/adj.12101 .</ref> and finally the works of Han J, Menicanin D, Gronthos S,and Bartold PM. which review comprehensive documentation on stem cells, tissue engineering and periodontal regeneration.<ref>Han J, Menicanin D, Gronthos S, Bartold PM. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12100 Stem cells, tissue engineering and periodontal regeneration]. ''Aust Dent J'' 2013; doi:10.1111/adj.12100</ref>

In this review, arguments could not be missing on genetic, epigenetic and environmental influences during morphogenesis that lead to variations in the number, size and shape of the tooth<ref>A H Brook, J Jernvall, R N Smith, T E Hughes, G C Townsend. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24646162/?from_single_result=he+dentition%3A+the+outcomes+of+morphogenesis+leading+to+variations+of+tooth+number%2C+size+and+shape The Dentition: The Outcomes of Morphogenesis Leading to Variations of Tooth Number, Size and Shape.] . 2014 Jun;59 Suppl 1:131-42. doi: 10.1111/adj.12160. Epub 2014 Mar 20.</ref><ref>W K Seow . [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24164394/?from_single_result=Developmental+defects+of+enamel+and+dentine%3A+challenges+for+basic+science+research+and+clinical+management. Developmental Defects of Enamel and Dentine: Challenges for Basic Science Research and Clinical Management].. 2014 Jun;59 Suppl 1:143-54. doi: 10.1111/adj.12104. Epub 2013 Oct 27.</ref> and the influence of tongue pressure on growth and craniofacial function.<ref>Kieser JA, Farland MG, Jack H, Farella M, Wang Y, Rohrle O. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12103 The role of oral soft tissues in swallowing function: what can tongue pressure tell us?] ''Aust Dent J'' 2013; doi:10.1111/adj.12103</ref><ref name=":1">H C Slavkin. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6573384/?from_term=%22language+logic+in+medicine%22&from_filter=journalcategory.dentaljournals&from_pos=5 Research on Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology: Implications for the Future of Academic Dentistry.]. J Dent Educ. 1983 Apr;47(4):231-8.</ref>

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