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}}</ref>,and decreases in thyroxinaydroxylase, GTP cyclohydrochloride, and immunoreactive serotonin in the cerebral cortex and the caudate nucleus, in the nigra substance, in the locus ceruleus, and in the dorsal raphe nucleus, which are similar to chronic stress-induced changes..<ref>Feldman, S. and J. Weidenfeld, ''Glucocorticoid receptor antagonists in the hippocampus modify the negative feedback following neural stimuli.'' Brain Res, 1999. 821(1): p. 33-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Effects+of+dopaminergic+drugs%2C+occlusal+disharmonies%2C+and+chronic+stress+on+non-functional+masticatory+activity+in+the+rat%2C+assessed+by+incisal+attrition.+J+Dent+Res%2C+1998</ref> hese changes in the catecolaminergic and serotonergic systems induced by occlusal disharmonies clearly affect the innervation of the hippocampus. The conditions of increasing the vertical dimension alter neurogenesis and lead to apoptosis in the ippocampal gyrus by decreasing the expression of the ippocampal brain derived from neurotrophic factors: all this could contribute to the changes in observed learning in animals with occlusal disharmony.<ref name="MFCF" />
}}</ref>,and decreases in thyroxinaydroxylase, GTP cyclohydrochloride, and immunoreactive serotonin in the cerebral cortex and the caudate nucleus, in the nigra substance, in the locus ceruleus, and in the dorsal raphe nucleus, which are similar to chronic stress-induced changes.<ref>{{Cite book
| autore = Feldman S
| autore2 = Weidenfeld J
| titolo = Glucocorticoid receptor antagonists in the hippocampus modify the negative feedback following neural stimuli
| url =
| volume =
| opera = Brain Res
| anno = 1999
| editore = Elsevier Science B.V.
| città =
| ISBN =
| PMID = 10064785
| PMCID =
| DOI = 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01054-9
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
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}}</ref> These changes in the catecolaminergic and serotonergic systems, induced by occlusal disharmonies, clearly affect the innervation of the hippocampus. The conditions of increasing the vertical dimension alter neurogenesis and lead to apoptosis in the ippocampal gyrus by decreasing the expression of the ippocampal brain derived from neurotrophic factors: all this could contribute to the changes in observed learning in animals with occlusal disharmony.<ref name="MFCF" />
===Brainstem and Mastication===
===Brainstem and Mastication===