Changes

  }}</ref>.

  }}</ref>.

A recent study <ref name=":1">Kubo KY, Ichihashi Y, Kurata C, Iinuma M, Mori D, Katayama T, Miyake H, Fujiwara S, Tamura Y., Masticatory function and cognitive function. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn. 2010 Nov;87(3):135-40.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21174943</ref> has provided further evidence in support of the interaction between masticatory processes, learning and memory, focusing on the function of the hippocampus that is essential for the formation of new memories.  

A recent study<ref name=":1">{{Cite book

| autore = Kubo KY

| autore2 = Ichihashi Y

| autore3 = Kurata C

| autore4 = Iinuma M

| autore5 = Mori D

| autore6 = Katayama T

| autore7 = Miyake H

| autore8 = Fujiwara S

| autore9 = Tamura Y

  | titolo = Masticatory function and cognitive function

| url = https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ofaj/87/3/87_3_135/_article

| PMID = 21174943

}}</ref> has provided further evidence in support of the interaction between masticatory processes, learning and memory, focusing on the function of the hippocampus that is essential for the formation of new memories.  

An occlusal disharmony, such as loss of teeth and increases in the vertical occlusal dimension, causes bruxism or pain to the mastication muscles and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). <ref>Christensen J.,  Effect of occlusion-raising procedures on the chewing system. Dent Pract Dent Rec. 1970 Mar;20(7):233-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Effect+of+occlusion-raising+procedures+on+the+chewing+system.</ref><ref name=":2">Ichihashi, Y., et al., ''Occlusal disharmony attenuates glucocorticoid negative feedback in aged SAMP8 mice.'' Neurosci Lett, 2007. 427(2): p. 71-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Occlusal+disharmony+attenuates+glucocorticoid+negative+feedback+in+aged+SAMP8+mice.+Neurosci+Lett%2C+2007.</ref>. Hence, to describe the impaired function of the hippocampus in a reduced situation or abnorme asticatory function. Tthe authors employed an animal model (mice) called ‘Molarless Senescence-Accelerated Prone’ (SAMP8) in order to make a parallelism on man. In mice, SAMP8, to which the occlusion was modified, increasing the occlusal vertical dimension of about 0.1 mm with dental materials showed that the occlusal disharmony disrupts learning and memory. These animals showed an age-dependent deficit in space learning in the mice at Morris’s water. <ref>Arakawa, Y., et al., ''Duration-dependent effects of the bite-raised condition on hippocampal function in SAMP8 mice.'' Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn, 2007. 84(3): p. 115-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Duration-dependent+effects+of+the+bite-raised+condition+on+hippocampal+function+in+SAMP8+mice.+Okajimas+Folia+Anat+Jpn%2C+2007</ref><ref name=":0">Kubo, K.Y., et al., ''Occlusal disharmony induces spatial memory impairment and hippocampal neuron degeneration via stress in SAMP8 mice.'' Neurosci Lett, 2007. 414(2): p. 188-91 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Occlusal+disharmony+induces+spatial+memory+impairment+and+hippocampal+neuron+degeneration+via+stress+in+SAMP8+mice.+Neurosci+Lett%2C+2007</ref>  

An occlusal disharmony, such as loss of teeth and increases in the vertical occlusal dimension, causes bruxism or pain to the mastication muscles and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). <ref>Christensen J.,  Effect of occlusion-raising procedures on the chewing system. Dent Pract Dent Rec. 1970 Mar;20(7):233-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Effect+of+occlusion-raising+procedures+on+the+chewing+system.</ref><ref name=":2">Ichihashi, Y., et al., ''Occlusal disharmony attenuates glucocorticoid negative feedback in aged SAMP8 mice.'' Neurosci Lett, 2007. 427(2): p. 71-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Occlusal+disharmony+attenuates+glucocorticoid+negative+feedback+in+aged+SAMP8+mice.+Neurosci+Lett%2C+2007.</ref>. Hence, to describe the impaired function of the hippocampus in a reduced situation or abnorme asticatory function. Tthe authors employed an animal model (mice) called ‘Molarless Senescence-Accelerated Prone’ (SAMP8) in order to make a parallelism on man. In mice, SAMP8, to which the occlusion was modified, increasing the occlusal vertical dimension of about 0.1 mm with dental materials showed that the occlusal disharmony disrupts learning and memory. These animals showed an age-dependent deficit in space learning in the mice at Morris’s water. <ref>Arakawa, Y., et al., ''Duration-dependent effects of the bite-raised condition on hippocampal function in SAMP8 mice.'' Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn, 2007. 84(3): p. 115-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Duration-dependent+effects+of+the+bite-raised+condition+on+hippocampal+function+in+SAMP8+mice.+Okajimas+Folia+Anat+Jpn%2C+2007</ref><ref name=":0">Kubo, K.Y., et al., ''Occlusal disharmony induces spatial memory impairment and hippocampal neuron degeneration via stress in SAMP8 mice.'' Neurosci Lett, 2007. 414(2): p. 188-91 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Occlusal+disharmony+induces+spatial+memory+impairment+and+hippocampal+neuron+degeneration+via+stress+in+SAMP8+mice.+Neurosci+Lett%2C+2007</ref>