Changes

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

We parted ways in the previous chapter on the ‘Logic of Medical Language’ in an attempt to shift the attention from clinical symptom or sign to encrypted machine language for which, the arguments of Donald E Stanley, Daniel G Campos <ref>{{Cite book  

We parted ways in the previous chapter on the ‘Logic of Medical Language’ in an attempt to shift the attention from clinical symptom or sign to encrypted machine language for which, the arguments of Donald E Stanley, Daniel G Campos<ref>{{Cite book  

  | autore = Stanley DE

  | autore = Stanley DE

  | autore2 = Campos DG

  | autore2 = Campos DG

One of these fundamental topics is 'Craniofacial Biology'.

One of these fundamental topics is 'Craniofacial Biology'.

We begin with a study by Townsend and Brook<ref name=":0">G C Townsend , A H Brook. T[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24646132/ he Face, the Future, and Dental Practice: How Research in Craniofacial Biology Will Influence Patient Care.] . 2014 Jun;59 Suppl 1:1-5. doi: 10.1111/adj.12157. Epub 2014 Mar 20.</ref> in which the authors question the status quo of both fundamental and applied research in 'Craniofacial Biology' to extract clinical considerations and implications. One topic covered was the "Interdisciplinary Approach" in which Geoffrey Sperber and his son, Steven<ref>G H Sperber, S M Sperber. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24495071/?from_single_result=The+genesis+of+craniofacial+biology+as+a+health+science+discipline The Genesis of Craniofacial Biology as a Health Science Discipline.]. 2014 Jun;59 Suppl 1:6-12. doi: 10.1111/adj.12131. Epub 2014 Feb 4.</ref> saw the strength  point of the exponential progress of 'Craniofacial Biology' in technological innovations such as gene sequencing, CAT scanning, MRI imaging, scanning laser, image analysis, ultrasonography and spectroscopy.

We begin with a study by Townsend and Brook<ref name=":0">{{Cite book

| autore = Townsend GC

| titolo = The face, the future, and dental practice: how research in craniofacial biology will influence patient care

| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12157

| anno = 2014

| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12157

}}</ref> in which the authors question the status quo of both fundamental and applied research in 'Craniofacial Biology' to extract clinical considerations and implications. One topic covered was the "Interdisciplinary Approach" in which Geoffrey Sperber and his son Steven<ref>{{Cite book

| autore = Sperber GH

| autore2 = Sperber SM

| titolo = The genesis of craniofacial biology as a health science discipline

| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12131

| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12131

}}</ref> saw the strength  point of the exponential progress of 'Craniofacial Biology' in technological innovations such as gene sequencing, CAT scanning, MRI imaging, scanning laser, image analysis, ultrasonography and spectroscopy.

Another topic of great interest for the implementation of 'Craniofacial Biology' is the awareness that biological systems are 'Complex Systems'<ref>Brook AH, Brook O'Donnell M, Hone A, ''et al'' . [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12158 General and craniofacial development are complex adaptive processes influenced by diversity.] ''Aust Dent J'' 2014; doi:10.1111/adj.12158 .</ref> and that 'Epigenetics' plays a key role in craniofacial molecular biology. Researchers from Adelaide and Sydney provide a critical review in the field of epigenetics aimed, in fact, at the dental and craniofacial disciplines.<ref>Williams SD, Hughes TE, Adler CJ, Brook AH, Townsend GC. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12155 Epigenetics: a new frontier in dentistry.] ''Aust Dent J'' 2014; doi:10.1111/adj.12155 [Epub ahead of print].</ref> Phenomics, in particular, discussed by these authors (see you [[wikipedia:Phenomics|Phenomics]]) ) is a general research field that involves the measurement of changes in the teeth and associated orofacial structures resulting from the interactions between genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors during development.<ref>Yong R, Ranjitkar S, Townsend GC, ''et al'' . [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12156 Dental phenomics: advancing genotype to phenotype correlations in craniofacial research]. ''Aust Dent J'' 2014; doi:10.1111/adj.12156</ref> In this same context, the work of Irma Thesleff from Helsinki in Finland should be highlighted. She explains in her work that there are a series of transient signalling centres in the dental epithelium that play important roles in the programme of tooth development;<ref>Thesleff I. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12102 Current understanding of the process of tooth formation: transfer from the laboratory to the clinic]. ''Aust Dent J'' 2013; doi:10.1111/adj.12102</ref> Besides there are works of Peterkova R, Hovor akova M, Peterka M, Lesot H providing a fascinating review of the processes that occur during dental development;<ref>Peterkova R, Hovorakova M, Peterka M, Lesot H. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12130 Three‐dimensional analysis of the early development of the dentition.] ''Aust Dent J'' 2014; doi:10.1111/adj.12130</ref><ref>Lesot H, Hovorakova M, Peterka M, Peterkova R. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12132 Three‐dimensional analysis of molar development in the mouse from the cap to bell stage.] ''Aust Dent J'' 2014; doi:10.1111/adj.12132 .</ref><ref>Hughes TE, Townsend GC, Pinkerton SK, ''et al'' . [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12101 The teeth and faces of twins: providing insights into dentofacial development and oral health for practising oral health professionals.] ''Aust Dent J'' 2013; doi:10.1111/adj.12101 .</ref> and finally the works of Han J, Menicanin D, Gronthos S,and  Bartold PM. which review comprehensive documentation on stem cells, tissue engineering and periodontal regeneration.<ref>Han J, Menicanin D, Gronthos S, Bartold PM. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12100 Stem cells, tissue engineering and periodontal regeneration]. ''Aust Dent J'' 2013; doi:10.1111/adj.12100</ref>

Another topic of great interest for the implementation of 'Craniofacial Biology' is the awareness that biological systems are 'Complex Systems'<ref>Brook AH, Brook O'Donnell M, Hone A, ''et al'' . [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12158 General and craniofacial development are complex adaptive processes influenced by diversity.] ''Aust Dent J'' 2014; doi:10.1111/adj.12158 .</ref> and that 'Epigenetics' plays a key role in craniofacial molecular biology. Researchers from Adelaide and Sydney provide a critical review in the field of epigenetics aimed, in fact, at the dental and craniofacial disciplines.<ref>Williams SD, Hughes TE, Adler CJ, Brook AH, Townsend GC. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12155 Epigenetics: a new frontier in dentistry.] ''Aust Dent J'' 2014; doi:10.1111/adj.12155 [Epub ahead of print].</ref> Phenomics, in particular, discussed by these authors (see you [[wikipedia:Phenomics|Phenomics]]) ) is a general research field that involves the measurement of changes in the teeth and associated orofacial structures resulting from the interactions between genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors during development.<ref>Yong R, Ranjitkar S, Townsend GC, ''et al'' . [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12156 Dental phenomics: advancing genotype to phenotype correlations in craniofacial research]. ''Aust Dent J'' 2014; doi:10.1111/adj.12156</ref> In this same context, the work of Irma Thesleff from Helsinki in Finland should be highlighted. She explains in her work that there are a series of transient signalling centres in the dental epithelium that play important roles in the programme of tooth development;<ref>Thesleff I. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12102 Current understanding of the process of tooth formation: transfer from the laboratory to the clinic]. ''Aust Dent J'' 2013; doi:10.1111/adj.12102</ref> Besides there are works of Peterkova R, Hovor akova M, Peterka M, Lesot H providing a fascinating review of the processes that occur during dental development;<ref>Peterkova R, Hovorakova M, Peterka M, Lesot H. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12130 Three‐dimensional analysis of the early development of the dentition.] ''Aust Dent J'' 2014; doi:10.1111/adj.12130</ref><ref>Lesot H, Hovorakova M, Peterka M, Peterkova R. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12132 Three‐dimensional analysis of molar development in the mouse from the cap to bell stage.] ''Aust Dent J'' 2014; doi:10.1111/adj.12132 .</ref><ref>Hughes TE, Townsend GC, Pinkerton SK, ''et al'' . [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12101 The teeth and faces of twins: providing insights into dentofacial development and oral health for practising oral health professionals.] ''Aust Dent J'' 2013; doi:10.1111/adj.12101 .</ref> and finally the works of Han J, Menicanin D, Gronthos S,and  Bartold PM. which review comprehensive documentation on stem cells, tissue engineering and periodontal regeneration.<ref>Han J, Menicanin D, Gronthos S, Bartold PM. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adj.12100 Stem cells, tissue engineering and periodontal regeneration]. ''Aust Dent J'' 2013; doi:10.1111/adj.12100</ref>