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→Probabilistic language logic in medicine
==Probabilistic language logic in medicine==
==Probabilistic language logic in medicine==
Every scientific idea (whether in medicine, architecture, engineering, chemistry, or any other subject), when put into practice, is subject to small errors and uncertainties. Mathematics—through probability theory and statistical inference—helps precisely control and thereby contain these uncertainties. It must always be considered that in all practical cases, ‘the outcomes also depend on many other factors external to the theory’, whether they be initial and environmental conditions, experimental errors, or something else.
All the uncertainties about these factors make the theory–observation relationship a probabilistic one. In the medical approach, there are two types of uncertainty that weigh the most on diagnoses: subjective uncertainty and casuality.<ref>Eduardo Vázquez-Delgado, Jordi Cascos-Romero, Cosme Gay-Escoda. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20173729/ Myofascial pain associated to trigger points: a literature review. Part 2: differential diagnosis and treatment.] Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010 Jul 1;15(4):e639-43. doi: 10.4317/medoral.15.e639.</ref><ref>Jaisri Thoppay, Bhavik Desai. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30984309/ Oral burning: local and systemic connection for a patient-centric approach.]EPMA J. 2019 Jan 14;10(1):1-11. doi: 10.1007/s13167-018-0157-3</ref>
It becomes essential, therefore, in this scenario to distinguish between these two uncertainties and to show that the concept of probability has different meanings in these two contexts. We will try to expose these concepts by linking each crucial step to the clinical approach that has been reported in the previous chapters and in particular the approach in the dental and neurological context in contending for the primacy of the diagnosis for our sympathetic Mary Poppins.
It becomes essential, therefore, in this scenario to distinguish between these two uncertainties and to show that the concept of probability has different meanings in these two contexts. We will try to expose these concepts by linking each crucial step to the clinical approach that has been reported in the previous chapters and in particular the approach in the dental and neurological context in contending for the primacy of the diagnosis for our sympathetic Mary Poppins.
==Subjective uncertainty and casuality==
==Subjective uncertainty and casuality==
Let us imagine asking Mary Poppins which of the two medical colleagues—the dentist or the neurologist—is right. The question would create a kind of agitation based on inner uncertainty; therefore, the notions of certainty and uncertainty refer to subjective epistemic states of human beings and not to states of the external world because there is no certainty or uncertainty in that world. In this sense, as we have mentioned, there is an inner world and a world outside ourselves that do not respond to canons of uncertainty but of probability.
Let us imagine asking Mary Poppins which of the two medical colleagues—the dentist or the neurologist—is right. The question would create a kind of agitation based on inner uncertainty; therefore, the notions of certainty and uncertainty refer to subjective epistemic states of human beings and not to states of the external world because there is no certainty or uncertainty in that world. In this sense, as we have mentioned, there is an inner world and a world outside ourselves that do not respond to canons of uncertainty but of probability.