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Introduction/pt (view source)

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| DOI = 10.1177/2380084419879391

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}} ~~Oct 7:2380084419879391~~</ref>; essas inovações têm de alguma forma influenciado estratégias de tomada de decisão, opiniões, escolas de pensamento e axiomas a fim de melhorar a qualidade de vida, conforme afirmado na "''Exposure Science in the 21st Century''"<ref>{{cita libro

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}}</ref>; essas inovações têm de alguma forma influenciado estratégias de tomada de decisão, opiniões, escolas de pensamento e axiomas a fim de melhorar a qualidade de vida, conforme afirmado na "''Exposure Science in the 21st Century''"<ref>{{cita libro

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| DOI = 10.1358/dot.2014.50.1.2076506

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}} ~~Jan;50(1):33-50~~</ref>

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[[File:The phases of paradigm change according to Thomas Kuhn.jpg|right|thumb|A mudança de fases do paradigma segundo Thomas Kuhn]]

Os dois aspectos sensíveis da atual realidade social, científica e clínica (que parecem conflitar entre si, mas como veremos no final desta leitura serão complementares) são o "Progresso da Ciência" segundo Kuhn e o "Epistemologia".

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| DOI = 10.1017/S0140525X18000869

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}} ~~Jan;41:e150.~~ </ref>

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O paradoxo de Hempel nos diz que cada cisne branco avistado confirma que os corvos são negros<ref>Aqui, obviamente, nos referimos ao conhecido paradoxo denominado "dos corvos", ou "dos corvos negros", formulado pelo filósofo e matemático [[:wikipedia:Carl Gustav Hempel|Carl Gustav Hempel]], melhor explicado no artigo da Wikipedia ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raven_paradox&oldid=942633026 Raven paradox]'':<br>Vejo {{cita libro

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| DOI = 10.1016/j.csbj.2015.12.001

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}} ~~Jan 7;14:91-6.~~ </ref>

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| DOI = 10.1038/d41586-019-00857-9

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}} ~~Mar;567(7748):305-307.~~</ref>.<br />With over 800 signatories supporting important scientists, this "campaign" can be considered an important milestone and a "Silent Revolution" in statistics on logical and epistemological aspects<ref>{{cita libro

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}}</ref>.<br />With over 800 signatories supporting important scientists, this "campaign" can be considered an important milestone and a "Silent Revolution" in statistics on logical and epistemological aspects<ref>{{cita libro

| autore = Rodgers JL

| titolo = The epistemology of mathematical and statistical modeling: a quiet methodological revolution

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| DOI = 10.1037/a0018326

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}} ~~Jan;65(1):1-12.~~</ref><ref>{{cita libro

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}}</ref><ref>{{cita libro

| autore = Meehl P

| titolo = The problem is epistemology, not statistics: replace significance tests by confidence intervals and quantify accuracy of risky numerical predictions

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| DOI = 10.1080/00031305.2019.1583913

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}} ~~73, 1–19.~~ </ref>. The special question proposes both new ways to signal the importance of research results beyond the arbitrary threshold of a P-value, and some guides to conduct of research: the researcher should accept uncertainty, be reflective, open and modest in his/ her statements<ref name="wasser" />. Future will show whether or not those attempts to statistically better support science beyond the significance tests will be reflected in future publications<ref>{{cita libro

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}}</ref>. The special question proposes both new ways to signal the importance of research results beyond the arbitrary threshold of a P-value, and some guides to conduct of research: the researcher should accept uncertainty, be reflective, open and modest in his/ her statements<ref name="wasser" />. Future will show whether or not those attempts to statistically better support science beyond the significance tests will be reflected in future publications<ref>{{cita libro

| autore = Dettweiler Ulrich

| titolo = The Rationality of Science and the Inevitability of Defining Prior Beliefs in Empirical Research

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| DOI = 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01866

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}} ~~Aug 13;10:1866.~~</ref>. In this field too, we are on the same wavelength as the Progress of Science according to Kuhn, in that we are talking about the re-modulation of some descriptive statistical contents within the scope of disciplinarity.

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}}</ref>. In this field too, we are on the same wavelength as the Progress of Science according to Kuhn, in that we are talking about the re-modulation of some descriptive statistical contents within the scope of disciplinarity.

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| DOI = 10.1007/s13194-018-0242-4

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}} ~~9(1):16.~~</ref><ref>{{cita libro

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| autore = Boon M

| titolo = An engineering paradigm in the biomedical sciences: Knowledge as epistemic tool

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| DOI = 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.04.001

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}} ~~Oct;129:25-39.~~</ref>

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| DOI = 10.17096/jiufd.04646

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}} ~~51(3): 64–71. Published online 2017 Oct 2. PMCID: PMC5624148 - PMID: 29114433~~ </ref> The innovations mentioned by Guven are obviously to be considered as technological and methodological in nature; however, the Progress of Science does not move forward with this kind of Innovations, which are called "''Incremental Innovations''" and "''Radical Innovations''", but it occurs substantially through "''Paradigmatic Innovations''".

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}}</ref> The innovations mentioned by Guven are obviously to be considered as technological and methodological in nature; however, the Progress of Science does not move forward with this kind of Innovations, which are called "''Incremental Innovations''" and "''Radical Innovations''", but it occurs substantially through "''Paradigmatic Innovations''".

In the strictest sense of the phrase, "Paradigmatic Innovations" are essentially '''a change of thought and awareness''' that pervades the whole of humanity, starting from different social strata, from the Copernican scientific revolution to the current trend of Stochastic approach to the biological phenomenon<ref>{{cita libro

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}} ~~Prepublished online 2009 Oct 10. PMCID: PMC2776262 - PMID: 19918331. 3(1): 75–86.~~</ref>.

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In this epistemological context (in addition to other initiatives such as the ''Research Diagnostic Criteria'' in the field of the Temporomandibular Disorders — RDC/TMDs), of the Evidence Based Medicine (and other), the Masticationpedia project inserts itself in order to highlight the dialectics dynamism about the progress of the masticatory rehabilitation science. Masticationpedia tends, moreover, to highlight the anomalies that inevitably stimulate a change of thought and therefore a "Paradigmatic Innovation".

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}}~~, 30(1):18.~~ </ref>. The ''closure'' is easy to understand, we believe, but the epithet "''bad''" must be understood with care as well, because it is not as simple as it seems.

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}}</ref>. The ''closure'' is easy to understand, we believe, but the epithet "''bad''" must be understood with care as well, because it is not as simple as it seems.

To briefly grasp the concept, in this first introductory reading we will try to present a simple but highly debatable question that involves a series of other questions in the field of masticatory rehabilitation and especially in orthodontic disciplines: ''what is "Malocclusion"?'' Bear in mind that in 2019, a Pubmed query about this term returned a result of "only" 33,309 articles<ref>Pubmed, ''[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=%22malocclusion%22 Malocclusion]''</ref>, which says it all about the hypothetical terminological agreement on the subject; and, therefore, very meaningful conclusions could be drawn every now and then from these articles, such as the ones we reproduce in full from an article by Smaglyuk and collaborators, a somewhat "sensational" article that deals with the interdisciplinary approach in the diagnosis of malocclusions<ref name="Smaglyuk">{{cita libro

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}} ~~72(5 cz 1):918-922.~~

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{{q2|The diagnostics, treatment tactics and prevention of dento-facial anomalies and deformations should be considered in the context of the integrity of the child's unformed organism, the interdependence of the form and functions of its organs and systems}}

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}} ~~Mar;62 Suppl 1:51-57.~~</ref>; it is a malocclusion that can be treated with a fixed orthodontic therapy and possibly in combination with an orthognathic intervention<ref>{{cita libro

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}}</ref>; it is a malocclusion that can be treated with a fixed orthodontic therapy and possibly in combination with an orthognathic intervention<ref>{{cita libro

| autore = Reichert I

| autore2 = Figel P

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| DOI = 10.1007/s10006-013-0430-5

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}} ~~Sep;18(3):271-7.~~ </ref>. Crossbite is another element of disturbance in normal occlusion because of which it is obligatorily treated together with the openbite<ref>{{cita libro

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}}</ref>. Crossbite is another element of disturbance in normal occlusion because of which it is obligatorily treated together with the openbite<ref>{{cita libro

| autore = Miamoto CB

| autore2 = Silva Marques L

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}} ~~Jan-Feb; 23(1) 71–78.~~</ref><ref>{{cita libro

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| autore = Alachioti XS

| autore2 = Dimopoulou E

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| DOI = 10.4103/2278-0203.127547

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}} ~~Jan-Mar; 3(1): 1–6.~~</ref><ref>{{cita libro

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| autore = Mizrahi E

| titolo = A review of anterior open bite

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}} ~~Jan;5(1):21-7.~~</ref>.

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It is self-evident that an observer with a ''deterministic mindset'' facing a phenomenon of such evident occlusal incongruity considers crossbite and openbite the cause of malocclusion (cause/effect) or vice versa; and it is obvious, as well, that the observer recommends an orthodontic treatment to restore a “Normocclusion”. This way of reasoning means that the model (masticatory system) is “normalized to occlusion”; and if read backwards, it means that the occlusal discrepancy is the cause of malocclusion and, therefore, of disease of the Masticatory System. (Figure 1a).

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| DOI = 10.1007/978-94-007-2260-6

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In the presented case, the question is resolved in the following language logic:

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| DOI = 10.1016/j.joms.2016.06.001

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}} ~~Oct;74(10):2066.e1-2066.e12.~~</ref><ref>{{cita libro

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| autore = Hoffmannová J

| autore2 = Foltán R

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}} ~~109(4):286-97.~~</ref>

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These are just some of the topics that will be covered extensively both in this chapter and in what we call “Extraordinary Science”. Meanwhile, in a fitting diversion our colourful friend ''Linus Sapiens'', the little yellow man on the left, asks us:

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