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'''Classical logic''' will be discussed in this chapter. In the first part, mathematical formalism and the rules that compose it will be illustrated. In the second part, a clinical example will be given to evaluate its effectiveness in determining a diagnosis. In conclusion, it is evident that a classical logic of language, which has an extremely dichotomous approach (either something is white, or it is black), cannot describe the many shades that real clinical situations have. As we shall see, this paper will show that classical logic lacks the necessary precision, forcing us to enhance it with other types of logic languages. {{ArtBy|

 

[[File:Spasmo emimasticatorio assiografia.jpg|left|200px]]

'''<translate>Classical logic</translate>''' <translate>will be discussed in this chapter</translate>. <translate>In the first part, mathematical formalism and the rules that compose it will be illustrated. In the second part, a clinical example will be given to evaluate its effectiveness in determining a diagnosis.</translate><br><translate>In conclusion, it is evident that a classical logic of language, which has an extremely dichotomous approach (either something is white, or it is black), cannot describe the many shades that real clinical situations have</translate>.<br><translate>As we shall soon see, this paper will show that classical logic lacks the necessary precision, forcing us to enhance it with other types of logic languages</translate>. {{ArtBy|

| autore = Gianni Frisardi

| autore = Gianni Frisardi

| autore2 = Riccardo Azzali

| autore2 = Riccardo Azzali

}}

}}

==Introduction==

==<translate>Introduction</translate>==

We parted ways in the previous chapter on the ‘[[The logic of medical language|Logic of Medical Language]]’ in an attempt to shift the attention from clinical symptom or sign to encrypted machine language for which, the arguments of Donald E Stanley, Daniel G Campos<ref>{{Cite book  

<translate>We parted ways in the previous chapter on the ‘[[The logic of medical language|Logic of Medical Language]]’ in an attempt to shift the attention from clinical symptom or sign to encrypted machine language for which, the arguments of Donald E Stanley, Daniel G Campos and Pat Croskerry are welcome but connected to time <math>t_n</math> as an information carrier (anticipation of the symptom) and to the message as a machine language and not as a non-verbal language)</translate>.<ref>{{Cite book  

  | autore = Stanley DE

  | autore = Stanley DE

  | autore2 = Campos DG

  | autore2 = Campos DG

  | LCCN =  

  | LCCN =  

  | OCLC =  

  | OCLC =  

  }}</ref> and Pat Croskerry<ref>{{Cite book  

  }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book  

  | autore = Croskerry P

  | autore = Croskerry P

  | titolo = Adaptive expertise in medical decision making

  | titolo = Adaptive expertise in medical decision making

  | LCCN =  

  | LCCN =  

  | OCLC =  

  | OCLC =  

  }}</ref> are welcome but connected to time <math>t_n</math> as an information carrier (anticipation of the symptom) and to the message as a machine language and not as a non-verbal language). Obviously, this does not preclude the validity of the clinical history built on a pseudo-formal verbal language by now well rooted in the clinical reality and which has already proved its diagnostic authority. The attempt to shift attention to a machine language and to the System provides nothing but an opportunity for the validation of Diagnostic Medical Science.  

  }}</ref><br><translate>Obviously, this does not preclude the validity of the clinical history built on a pseudo-formal verbal language by now well rooted in the clinical reality and which has already proved its diagnostic authority</translate>. <translate>The attempt to shift attention to a machine language and to the System provides nothing but an opportunity for the validation of Diagnostic Medical Science</translate>.

 

{{q4|... <translate>but</translate>... <translate>could the logic of Classical Language help us to solve poor Mary Poppins' dilemma?</translate>|<translate>a little patience, please</translate>}}

<translate>We cannot provide a conventional answer because science does not progress with assertions that are not justified by scientifically validated questions and reflections</translate>; <translate>and this is actually the reason why we will try to give voice to some thoughts, perplexities and doubts expressed on some basic topics brought into discussion in some scientific articles</translate>.

We cannot provide a conventional answer because science does not progress with assertions that are not justified by scientifically validated questions and reflections and it is precisely for this reason that we will try to give voice to some thoughts, perplexities and doubts expressed on some basic topics brought into discussion in some scientific articles.

One of these fundamental topics is 'Craniofacial Biology'.

<translate>One of these fundamental topics is 'Craniofacial Biology'</translate>.

We begin with a study by Townsend and Brook<ref name=":0">{{Cite book  

<translate>Let's start with a well known study by Townsend and Brook</translate><ref name=":0">{{Cite book  

  | autore = Townsend GC

  | autore = Townsend GC

  | autore2 = Brook AH

  | autore2 = Brook AH

  | LCCN =  

  | LCCN =  

  | OCLC =  

  | OCLC =  

  }}</ref> in which the authors question the status quo of both fundamental and applied research in 'Craniofacial Biology' to extract clinical considerations and implications. One topic covered was the "Interdisciplinary Approach" in which Geoffrey Sperber and his son Steven saw the strength  point of the exponential progress of 'Craniofacial Biology' in technological innovations such as gene sequencing, CT scanning, MRI imaging, scanning laser, image analysis, ultrasonography and spectroscopy<ref>{{Cite book  

  }}</ref>: <translate>in this work the authors question the status quo of both fundamental and applied research in 'Craniofacial Biology' to extract clinical considerations and implications</translate>. <translate>One topic they covered was the "Interdisciplinary Approach", in which Geoffrey Sperber and his son Steven saw the strength of the exponential progress of 'Craniofacial Biology' in technological innovations such as gene sequencing, CT scanning, MRI imaging, scanning laser, image analysis, ultrasonography and spectroscopy</translate><ref>{{Cite book  

  | autore = Sperber GH

  | autore = Sperber GH

  | autore2 = Sperber SM

  | autore2 = Sperber SM

  }}</ref>.

  }}</ref>.

Another topic of great interest for the implementation of 'Craniofacial Biology' is the awareness that biological systems are 'Complex Systems'<ref>{{Cite book  

<translate>Another topic of great interest for the implementation of 'Craniofacial Biology' is the awareness that biological systems are 'Complex Systems'</translate><ref>{{Cite book  

  | autore = Brook AH

  | autore = Brook AH

  | autore2 = Brook O'Donnell M

  | autore2 = Brook O'Donnell M

  | LCCN =  

  | LCCN =  

  | OCLC =  

  | OCLC =  

  }}</ref> and that 'Epigenetics' plays a key role in craniofacial molecular biology. Researchers from Adelaide and Sydney provide a critical review in the field of epigenetics aimed, in fact, at the dental and craniofacial disciplines.<ref>{{Cite book  

  }}</ref> <translate>and that 'Epigenetics' plays a key role in craniofacial molecular biology</translate>. <translate>Researchers from Adelaide and Sydney provide a critical review in the field of epigenetics aimed, in fact, at the dental and craniofacial disciplines</translate>.<ref>{{Cite book  

  | autore = Williams SD

  | autore = Williams SD

  | autore2 = Hughes TE

  | autore2 = Hughes TE

  | LCCN =  

  | LCCN =  

  | OCLC =  

  | OCLC =  

  }}</ref> Phenomics, in particular, discussed by these authors (see you [[wikipedia:Phenomics|Phenomics]]) ) is a general research field that involves the measurement of changes in the teeth and associated orofacial structures resulting from the interactions between genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors during development.<ref>{{Cite book  

  }}</ref> <translate>Phenomics, in particular, discussed by these authors (see [[wikipedia:Phenomics|Phenomics]])) is a general research field that involves the measurement of changes in the teeth and associated orofacial structures resulting from the interactions between genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors during development</translate>.<ref>{{Cite book  

  | autore = Yong R

  | autore = Yong R

  | autore2 = Ranjitkar S

  | autore2 = Ranjitkar S