Changes

'''Now let us assume, for example''', that the population sample <math>n</math> to which our good patient Mary Poppins belongs is a category of subjects aged between 20 and 70 years. We also assume that in this population we have those who present the elements belonging to the data set <math>D=\{\delta_1,.....\delta_n\}</math> which correspond to the laboratory tests mentioned above.

Now let us assume, for example, that the population sample <math>n</math> to which our good patient Mary Poppins belongs is a category of subjects aged between 20 and 70 years. We also assume that in this population we have those who present the elements belonging to the data set <math>D=\{\delta_1,.....\delta_n\}</math> which correspond to the laboratory tests mentioned above and precisa in '[[The logic of classical language]]'.

Let us suppose that in a sample of 10,000 subjects from 20 to 70 we will have an incidence of 30 subjects <math>p(D)=0.003</math> showing clinical signs <math>\delta_1</math> and <math>\delta_4

Let us suppose that in a sample of 10,000 subjects from 20 to 70 we will have an incidence of 30 subjects <math>p(D)=0.003</math> showing clinical signs <math>\delta_1</math> and <math>\delta_4

==Final considerations==

==Final considerations==

We took a long and tortuous path to better understand the complexity encountered by the colleague struggling with the very heavy ethical responsibility of making a diagnosis. However, this task becomes even more complex when you need to be detailed and careful in making a differential diagnosis. Here, we enter a delicate topic that is connected with the epistemological contents and first of all that was reported in the "Introduction" chapter of:

We took a long and tortuous path to better understand the complexity encountered by the colleague struggling with the very heavy ethical responsibility of making a diagnosis. However, this task becomes even more complex when we need to be detailed and careful in making a differential diagnosis. Here, we enter a delicate topic that is connected with the epistemological contents and first of all that was reported in the "[[Introduction]]" chapter of:

*'''Interdisciplinarity''': <br>''In science policy, it is generally recognized that science-based problem solving requires interdisciplinary research ('''IDR'''), as proposed by the EU project called Horizon 2020<ref>European Union, ''[https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/h2020-section/societal-challenges Horizon 2020]''</ref>. In a recent study, the authors focus on the question why researchers have cognitive and epistemic difficulties in conducting IDR. It is believed that the loss of philosophical interest in the epistemology of interdisciplinary research is caused by a philosophical paradigm of science called "Physics Paradigm of Science", which prevents recognition of important IDR changes in both the philosophy of science and research.<br>The proposed alternative philosophical paradigm, called 'Engineering Paradigm of Science', makes alternative philosophical assumptions about aspects such as the purpose of science, the character of knowledge, the epistemic and pragmatic criteria for the acceptance of knowledge and the role of technological tools. Consequently, scientific researchers need so-called metacognitive scaffolds to assist them in the analysis and reconstruction of how 'knowledge' is constructed in different disciplines.<br>In interdisciplinary research, metacognitive scaffolds help interdisciplinary communication analyse and articulate how the discipline builds knowledge<ref name=":0">{{cita libro  

*'''Interdisciplinarity''': <br>''In science policy, it is generally recognized that science-based problem solving requires interdisciplinary research ('''IDR'''), as proposed by the EU project called Horizon 2020<ref>European Union, ''[https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/h2020-section/societal-challenges Horizon 2020]''</ref>. In a recent study, the authors focus on the question why researchers have cognitive and epistemic difficulties in conducting IDR. It is believed that the loss of philosophical interest in the epistemology of interdisciplinary research is caused by a philosophical paradigm of science called "Physics Paradigm of Science", which prevents recognition of important IDR changes in both the philosophy of science and research.<br>The proposed alternative philosophical paradigm, called 'Engineering Paradigm of Science', makes alternative philosophical assumptions about aspects such as the purpose of science, the character of knowledge, the epistemic and pragmatic criteria for the acceptance of knowledge and the role of technological tools. Consequently, scientific researchers need so-called metacognitive scaffolds to assist them in the analysis and reconstruction of how 'knowledge' is constructed in different disciplines.<br>In interdisciplinary research, metacognitive scaffolds help interdisciplinary communication analyse and articulate how the discipline builds knowledge<ref name=":0">{{cita libro  

  }}</ref>''

  }}</ref>''

This concept is linked to the previously discussed topic in which the colleague should be aware of his own 'Subjective Uncertainty' (due to a classic logic language 'sick or healthy') and of 'Objective Uncertainty' (due to a probabilistic logic language 'probably sick or healthy'). It is not complicated to prove this assertion: the uncertainty we are talking about derives from the fact that the elements, assertions, data, classes and subclasses mentioned and that build the apparatus of the logic of probabilistic's language: Analysandum <math>  = \{P(D),a\}</math>and Analysan <math>  = \{P(D),a\}</math>are elements that exist in a specific world and in this case in the dental context and in particular, the element <math>KB</math> of the process indisputably indicates a "basic knowledge" in the specific dental context.

This concept is linked to the previously discussed topic in which the colleague should be aware of his own 'Subjective Uncertainty' (due to a classic logic language 'sick or healthy') and of 'Objective Uncertainty' (due to a probabilistic logic language 'probably sick or probably healthy'). It is not complicated to prove this assertion: the uncertainty we are talking about derives from the fact that the elements, assertions, data, classes and subclasses mentioned and that build the apparatus of the logic of probabilistic's language: Analysandum <math>  = \{P(D),a\}</math>and Analysan <math>  = \{P(D),a\}</math>are elements that exist in a specific world and in this case in a dental context in which the element <math>KB</math> of the process, indisputably indicates a "basic knowledge" only in a specific dental context

This conclusion confirmed by the dentist was the following:   

This conclusion confirmed by the dentist was the following:   

or better: it is my 95% belief that Mary Poppins is affected by TMDs since she has a degeneration of the temporomandibular joint in addition to the positivity of the data <math>D=\{\delta_1,\dots\delta_n\}</math>

or better: it is my 95% belief that Mary Poppins is affected by TMDs since she has a degeneration of the temporomandibular joint in addition to the positivity of the data <math>D=\{\delta_1,\dots\delta_n\}</math>

But something strange happens because out of nowhere a researcher, who uses 'metacognitive scaffolds'<ref>{{Cite book  

But something strange happens because out of nowhere, a researcher, who uses 'metacognitive scaffolds'<ref>{{Cite book  

  | autore = Boon M

  | autore = Boon M

  | autore2 = Van Baalen S

  | autore2 = Van Baalen S

and increase the dose: submit the Mary Poppins to the following trigeminal electrophysiological tests label them as you did previously for  the set data <math>D=\{\delta_1,\dots\delta_n\}</math>generating another set containing a number <math>m</math> of unknown data (not belonging to the purely dental branch) <math>C=\{\gamma_1,\dots\gamma_m\}</math>thereby creating an entirely new set that we will call <math>S_{unknow}= D+C=\{\delta_1,\dots,\delta_n,\gamma_1,\dots,\gamma_m\}</math>(called <math>S_{unknow}</math>precisely due to the presence of data unknown to the dental context).

and increase the dose: submit the Mary Poppins to the following trigeminal electrophysiological tests label them as we did previously for  the set data <math>D=\{\delta_1,\dots\delta_n\}</math>generating another set containing a number <math>m</math> of unknown data (not belonging to the purely dental branch) <math>C=\{\gamma_1,\dots\gamma_m\}</math>thereby creating an entirely new set that we will call <math>S_{unknow}= D+C=\{\delta_1,\dots,\delta_n,\gamma_1,\dots,\gamma_m\}</math>(called <math>S_{unknow}</math>precisely due to the presence of data unknown to the dental context).

</gallery>

</gallery>

In this way it has been shown that -inevitably- the logic of medical language is more or less based on data that derive from a specific world or context or rather, is specialized and that the perimeter that delimits this knowledge, world or context does not allow us to project ourselves into parallel worlds or contexts. By exploring this perimeter line of the specialist context, we will create an area close to it which we will call the 'fuzzy zone' or 'fuzzy logic' which we will discuss in the next chapter.

In this way it has been shown that, inevitably, the logic of medical language is more or less based on data that derive from a specific world or context or rather, a specialistic context in which the perimeter that delimits this knowledge does not allow us to project ourselves into parallel contexts. By exploring this perimeter line of the specialist context, we will create an area close to it which we will call the 'fuzzy zone' or 'fuzzy logic' which we will discuss in the next chapter.

{{q4|.... from what it seems not even with a probabilistic language logic we will be able to define an exact diagnosis.|in fact, for this reason we should also consider Fuzzy Logic Language }}

{{q4|.... from what it seems not even with a probabilistic language logic we will be able to define an exact diagnosis.|in fact, for this reason we should also consider Fuzzy Logic Language }}