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Only in later times the importance of the mastication function became evident as a Complex System for its interaction with a multitude of other Nervous Centers and Systems (CNS) which are also distant from a functional point of view. <ref>Viggiano A, Manara R, Conforti R, Paccone A, Secondulfo C, Lorusso L, Sbordone L, Di Salle F, Monda M, Tedeschi G, Esposito F. Mastication induces long-term increases in blood perfusion of the trigeminal principal nucleus. Neuroscience. 2015 Dec 17;311:75-80. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.10.017. Epub 2015 Oct 21. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Mastication+induces+long-term+increases+in+blood+perfusion+of+the+trigeminal+principal+nucleus</ref>. The mastication function has always been considered a peripheral ad isolated function with reference to the phonetics and chewing. Following this scientific philosophy, there have been countless points of view that focused, and still focus, on the diagnosis and rehabilitation of Mastication exclusively in the maxillaries by excluding any multi-structural correlation.  

Only in later times the importance of the mastication function became evident as a Complex System for its interaction with a multitude of other Nervous Centers and Systems (CNS) which are also distant from a functional point of view. <ref>{{cita libro

| autore = Viggiano A

| autore2 = Manara R

| autore3 = Conforti R

| autore4 = Paccone A

| autore5 = Secondulfo C

| autore6 = Lorusso L

| autore7 = Sbordone L

| autore8 = Di Salle F

| autore9 = Monda M

| autore10 = Tedeschi G

| autore11 = Esposito F

| titolo = Mastication induces long-term increases in blood perfusion of the trigeminal principal nucleus

| url = https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306-4522(15)00924-0

| opera = Neuroscience

| anno = 2015

| DOI = 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.10.017

  | oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->

}}</ref>. The mastication function has always been considered a peripheral ad isolated function with reference to the phonetics and chewing. Following this scientific philosophy, there have been countless points of view that focused, and still focus, on the diagnosis and rehabilitation of Mastication exclusively in the maxillaries by excluding any multi-structural correlation.  

This type of approach denotes a clear 'reductionism' in the contents of the system itself because in biology, it is more realistic to consider the functionality of systems such as "Complex Systems" that do not operate in a linear way. These systems employ a stochastic approach, in which the interaction of the various constituents generates an ‘Emergent Behaviour’ (EB)  <ref>Florio T, Capozzo , Cellini R, Pizzuti G, Staderini EM, Scarnati E., Unilateral lesions of the pedunculopontine nucleus do not alleviate subthalamic nucleus-mediated anticipatory responding in a delayed sensorimotor task in the rat.  Behav Brain Res. 2001 Nov 29;126(1-2):93-103.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11704255</ref>  of the system itself. <ref>de Boer RJ, Perelson AS., Size and connectivity as emergent properties of a developing immune network.

This type of approach denotes a clear 'reductionism' in the contents of the system itself because in biology, it is more realistic to consider the functionality of systems such as "Complex Systems" that do not operate in a linear way. These systems employ a stochastic approach, in which the interaction of the various constituents generates an ‘Emergent Behaviour’ (EB)  <ref>Florio T, Capozzo , Cellini R, Pizzuti G, Staderini EM, Scarnati E., Unilateral lesions of the pedunculopontine nucleus do not alleviate subthalamic nucleus-mediated anticipatory responding in a delayed sensorimotor task in the rat.  Behav Brain Res. 2001 Nov 29;126(1-2):93-103.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11704255</ref>  of the system itself. <ref>de Boer RJ, Perelson AS., Size and connectivity as emergent properties of a developing immune network.