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''<translate><!--T:3--> We would like our reader to have an immediate perception of the topics that will be debated in '''[[Masticationpedia]]'''; we will review some of the most current issues concerning the epistemological evolution of science in general, and medical as well as dental medicine in particular. </translate>''
<translate><!--T:6--> In this phase we will consider two fundamental aspects of '''Progress of Science''', according to the '''Kuhn Paradigms''', and '''Epistemology''' which questions the concepts of "Statistical Inference" and "Interdisciplinarity".</translate>
<translate><!--T:6--> In this phase we will consider the two fundamental aspects of '''Progress of Science''', according to the '''Kuhn Paradigms''', and '''Epistemology''' which questions the concepts of "Statistical Inference" and "Interdisciplinarity".</translate>
<translate><!--T:7--> These two themes, which apparently seem to be in conflict with each other, as the first one needs ''disciplinarity'' to highlight the "Anomalies in the Paradigm" and the second needs "''Interdisciplinarity''", they will integrate through a resolving element that consists of "''metacognitive scaffolds''", i.e. cognitive bridges between specialist disciplines. In this context, therefore, the reader will be better able to appreciate the ''stochastic approach'' towards one of the most controversial topics in masticatory rehabilitations, such as, "'''Malocclusion'''", from which come most of the masticatory rehabilitation procedures such as orthodontics, prosthesis and orthognathic surgery.</translate>
<translate><!--T:7--> These two themes, which apparently seem to be in conflict with each other, as the first one needs ''disciplinarity'' to highlight the "Anomalies in the Paradigm" and the second needs "''Interdisciplinarity''", they will integrate through a resolving element that consists of "''metacognitive scaffolds''", i.e. cognitive bridges between specialist disciplines. In this context, therefore, the reader will be better able to appreciate the ''stochastic approach'' towards one of the most controversial topics in masticatory rehabilitations, such as, "'''Malocclusion'''", from which come most of the masticatory rehabilitation procedures such as orthodontics, prosthesis and orthognathic surgery.</translate>
<translate><!--T:25--> As a good problem solver, the scientist tries to solve these anomalies.</translate>
<translate><!--T:25--> As a good problem solver, the scientist tries to solve these anomalies.</translate>
=== Kuhn's phases in Dentistry===
<translate><!--T:26--> Kuhn, however, divides the evolution of a paradigm into '''five phases'''; this is a fundamental process for Masticationpedia, but to keep tuned with the project, we will limit ourselves to describing the two most significant phases:</translate>
<translate><!--T:26--> Kuhn, however, divides the evolution of a paradigm into '''five phases'''; this is a fundamental process for Masticationpedia, but to keep tuned with the project, we will limit ourselves to describing the two most significant phases:</translate>
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| align="right" width="250" |<small>''<translate><!--T:38--> The black swan symbolizes one of the historical problems of epistemology: if all the swans we have seen so far are white, can we decide that all the swans are white?</translate><br><translate><!--T:39--> Really?</translate>''</small>
| width="250" align="right" |<small>''<translate><!--T:38--> The black swan symbolizes one of the historical problems of epistemology: if all the swans we have seen so far are white, can we decide that all the swans are white?</translate><br><translate><!--T:39--> Really?</translate>''</small>
| align="center" |[[File:Black_Swan_(Cygnus_atratus)_RWD.jpg|175px|center]]
| align="center" |[[File:Black_Swan_(Cygnus_atratus)_RWD.jpg|175px|center]]
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*'''''<math>P-value</math>''''': <br><translate><!--T:60--> In medicine, for example, to confirm an experiment, a series of data coming from laboratory instruments or from surveys, the "''Statistical Inference''" is used, and in particular a famous value called "significance test"</translate> (<math><translate><!--T:61--> P-value</translate></math>). <translate><!--T:62--> Well, even this concept, now part of the researcher's genesis, is wavering. In a recent study, attention was focused on a "Campaign" conducted on "Nature" against the concept of "significance tests"</translate><ref>{{cita libro
*'''''<math>P-value</math>''''': <br><translate><!--T:60--> In medicine, for example, to confirm an experiment, a series of data coming from laboratory instruments or from surveys, the "''Statistical Inference''" is used, and in particular a famous value called "significance test"</translate> (P-value). <translate><!--T:62--> Well, even this concept, now part of the researcher's genesis, is wavering. In a recent study, attention was focused on a "Campaign" conducted on "Nature" against the concept of "significance tests"</translate><ref>{{cita libro
| autore = Amrhein V
| autore = Amrhein V
| autore2 = Greenland S
| autore2 = Greenland S
|}
|}
==<translate><!--T:74--> Anomaly ''vs.'' Interdisciplinarity</translate>==
==<translate><!--T:74--> P-value ''vs.'' Interdisciplinarity</translate>==
<translate><!--T:75--> Given the above, on a superficial view of the epistemic evolution of the Science, the two aspects of disciplinarity ("''Physics Paradigm of Science''", highlighting the anomaly) and Interdisciplinary ("''Engineering Paradigm of Science''", metacognitive scaffold), might seem to be in conflict with each other; in reality, however, as we are just going to see right in this chapter, they are two sides of the same coin because both tend to generate "Paradigmatic Innovation" without any conflict at all.</translate>
<translate><!--T:75--> Given the above, on a superficial view of the epistemic evolution of the Science, the two aspects of disciplinarity ("''Physics Paradigm of Science''", highlighting the anomaly) and Interdisciplinary ("''Engineering Paradigm of Science''", metacognitive scaffold), might seem to be in conflict with each other; in reality, however, as we are just going to see right in this chapter, they are two sides of the same coin because both tend to generate "Paradigmatic Innovation" without any conflict at all.</translate>
<translate><!--T:131--> These are just some of the topics that will be covered extensively both in this chapter and in what we call “Extraordinary Science”. Meanwhile, in a fitting diversion our colourful friend ''Linus Sapiens'', the little yellow man on the left, asks us:</translate>
<translate><!--T:131--> These are just some of the topics that will be covered extensively both in this chapter and in what we call “Extraordinary Science”. Meanwhile, in a fitting diversion our colourful friend ''Linus Sapiens'', the little yellow man on the left, asks us:</translate>
{{q4|<translate><!--T:132--> What do we mean by “Complex Systems” when we are talking about masticatory functions?</translate>}}
{{q4|<translate><!--T:132--> What do we mean by “Complex Systems” when we are talking about masticatory functions? </translate>|<translate><!--T:133--> Not a trivial question, let's start talking, then, about [[the logic of medical language]]</translate>}}
{{Btnav|Welcome|The logic of medical language}}
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[[Category:Introduction]]
[[Category:Articles about epistemology]]
[[Category:Articles about epistemology]]
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