Logic of fuzzy language 2

Fuzzy set ${\tilde {A}}$ and membership function $\mu _{\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}}(x)$

We choose - as a formalism - to represent a fuzzy set with the 'tilde':${\tilde {A}}$. A fuzzy set is a set where the elements have a 'degree' of belonging (consistent with fuzzy logic): some can be included in the set at 100%, others in lower percentages.

To mathematically represent this degree of belonging is the function $\mu _{\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}}(x)$ called 'Membership Function'. The function $\mu _{\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}}(x)$ is a continuous function defined in the interval $[0;1]$where it is:

• $\mu _{\tilde {A}}(x)=1\rightarrow$ if $x$ is totally contained in $A$ (these points are called 'nucleus', they indicate plausible predicate values).
• $\mu _{\tilde {A}}(x)=0\rightarrow$ if $x$ is not contained in $A$
• $0<\mu _{\tilde {A}}(x)<1\;\rightarrow$ if $x$ is partially contained in $A$ (these points are called 'support', they indicate the possible predicate values).

The graphical representation of the function $\mu _{\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}}(x)$ it can be varied; from those with linear lines (triangular, trapezoidal) to those in the shape of bells or 'S' (sigmoidal) as depicted in Figure 1, which contains the whole graphic concept of the function of belonging.

Figure 1: Types of graphs for the membership function.

The support set of a fuzzy set is defined as the zone in which the degree of membership results $0<\mu _{\tilde {A}}(x)<1$; on the other hand, the core is defined as the area in which the degree of belonging assumes value $\mu _{\tilde {A}}(x)=1$

The 'Support set' represents the values of the predicate deemed possible, while the 'core' represents those deemed more plausible.

If ${A}$ represented a set in the ordinary sense of the term or classical language logic previously described, its membership function could assume only the values $1$ or $0$, $\mu _{\displaystyle {A}}(x)=1\;\lor \;\mu _{\displaystyle {A}}(x)=0$ depending on whether the element $x$ whether or not it belongs to the whole, as considered. Figure 2 shows a graphic representation of the crisp (rigidly defined) or fuzzy concept of membership, which clearly recalls Smuts's considerations.

Let us go back to the specific case of our Mary Poppins, in which we see a discrepancy between the assertions of the dentist and the neurologist and we look for a comparison between classical logic and fuzzy logic:

Figure 2: Representation of the comparison between a classical and fuzzy ensemble.

Figure 2: Let us imagine the Science Universe $U$ in which there are two parallel worlds or contexts, ${A}$ and ${\tilde {A}}$.

${A}=$ In the scientific context, the so-called ‘crisp’, and we have converted into the logic of Classic Language, in which the physician has an absolute scientific background information $KB$ with a clear dividing line that we have named $KB_{c}$.

${\tilde {A}}=$ In another scientific context called ‘fuzzy logic’, and in which there is a union between the subset ${A}$ in ${\tilde {A}}$ that we can go so far as to say: union between $KB_{c}$.

We will remarkably notice the following deductions:

• Classical Logic in the Dental Context ${A}$ in which only a logical process that gives as results $\mu _{\displaystyle {A}}(x)=1$ it will be possible, or $\mu _{\displaystyle {A}}(x)=0$ being the range of data $D=\{\delta _{1},\dots ,\delta _{4}\}$reduced to basic knowledge $KB$ in the set ${A}$. This means that outside the dental world there is a void and that term of set theory, it is written precisely $\mu _{\displaystyle {A}}(x)=0$ and which is synonymous with a high range of:

«Differential diagnostic error»

• Fuzzy logic in a dental context ${\tilde {A}}$ in which they are represented beyond the basic knowledge $KB$ of the dental context also those partially acquired from the neurophysiological world $0<\mu _{\tilde {A}}(x)<1$ will have the prerogative to return a result $\mu _{\tilde {A}}(x)=1$ and a result $0<\mu _{\tilde {A}}(x)<1$ because of basic knowledge $KB$ which at this point is represented by the union of $KB_{c}$ dental and neurological contexts. The result of this scientific-clinical implementation of dentistry would allow a:
  «Reduction of differential diagnostic error»

Final considerations

Topics that could distract the reader’s attention—was, in fact, essential for demonstrating the message. Normally, in fact, when any more or less brilliant mind allows itself to throw a stone into the pond of Science, a shockwave is generated, typical of the period of Kuhn’s extraordinary science, against which most of the members of the international scientific community row. With good faith, we can say that this phenomenon—as regards the topics we are addressing here—is well represented in the premise at the beginning of the chapter.

In these chapters, in fact, a fundamental topic for science has been approached: the re-evaluation, the specific weight that has always been given to $P-value$, awareness of scientific / clinical contexts $KB_{c}$, having undertaken a more elastic path of Fuzzy Logic than the Classical one, realizing the extreme importance of $KB$ and ultimately the union of contexts $KB_{c}$ to increase its diagnostic capacity.

In the next chapter we will be ready to undertake an equally fascinating path that will leads us to the context of a System Language logic and will allow us to deepen our knowledge no longer only in clinical semeiotics but in the understanding of system functions as recently it is approaching in neuromotor disciplines for Parkinson's disease. In Masticationpedia, of course, we will report the topic 'System Inference' in the field of the masticatory system as we could read in the next chapter entitled 'System logic'.