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In this chapter we will try to expose some contents in favor of this more stochastic and complex vision of the neuromotor functions of the masticatory system
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After the previous chapters, we should now be able to recognize that, both in modern physics and in biology, a "Complex System" is a multi-component dynamic system composed of different subsystems that typically interact with each other. Such systems are typically studied through "holistic" investigation methodologies or as "total" computation of the behaviours of the individual subsystems, together with their mutual interactions; these can be described analytically through mathematical models, rather than, in a "reductionist" manner (i.e. by breaking down and analysing the system in its components). Typical of Complex Systems, are the concepts of self-organization and "Emerging Behaviour".
In this chapter we will expose some contents in favour of this more stochastic and complex vision of the neuromotor functions of the masticatory system.
{{ArtBy|autore=Gianni Frisardi}}
{{ArtBy|autore=Gianni Frisardi}}
==Preliminary Consideration==
==Preliminary Consideration==
In recent years, parallel developments in different disciplines have focused on what has been called "Connectivity"; a concept used to understand and describe the " Complex Systems". The conceptualizations and functionalizations of connectivity have evolved widely within their disciplinary boundaries, but there are clear similarities in this concept and in its application between the disciplines. However, any implementation of the concept of connectivity involves both ontological and epistemological constraints, which leads us to wonder if there is a type or set of connectivity approaches that could be applied to all disciplines. In this review, we explore four ontological and epistemological challenges in using connectivity to understand complex systems from the point of view of very different disciplines.
In recent years, parallel developments in different disciplines have focused on what has been called "Connectivity"; a concept used to understand and describe the "Complex Systems". The conceptualizations and functionalisations of connectivity have evolved widely within their disciplinary boundaries, but there are clear similarities in this concept and in its application across the disciplines. However, any implementation of the concept of connectivity involves both ontological and epistemological constraints, which lead us to wonder if there is a type or set of connectivity approaches that could be applied to all disciplines. In this review, we explore four ontological and epistemological challenges in using connectivity to understand complex systems from the point of view of very different disciplines.
In Chapter ' Connectivity and Complex Systems', we will introduce definitely the concept of:
#defining the fundamental unit for the study of connectivity;
#separate structural connectivity from functional connectivity;
#understanding of emerging behaviour; and
#measuring connectivity.
Now we have to consider the complex profile of the masticatory function, to be able to talk about "connectivity"<ref>{{cita libro
| autore = Turnbull L
| autore = Turnbull L
| autore2 = Hütt MT
| autore2 = Hütt MT
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
Only in later times the importance of the mastication function became evident as a Complex System for its interaction with a multitude of other Nervous Centers and Systems (CNS) which are also distant from a functional point of view. <ref>{{cita libro
Only in later times the importance of the mastication function became evident as a Complex System; it did become clear because of its interaction with a multitude of other Nervous Centers and Systems (CNS), which are also distant from a functional point of view.<ref>{{cita libro
| autore = Viggiano A
| autore = Viggiano A
| autore2 = Manara R
| autore2 = Manara R
| LCCN =
| LCCN =
| OCLC =
| OCLC =
}}</ref>. The mastication function has always been considered a peripheral ad isolated function with reference to the phonetics and chewing. Following this scientific philosophy, there have been countless points of view that focused, and still focus, on the diagnosis and rehabilitation of Mastication exclusively in the maxillaries by excluding any multi-structural correlation.
}}</ref>. The mastication function, indeed, has always been considered a peripheral ad isolated function with reference to the phonetics and chewing. Following this scientific philosophy, there have been countless points of view that focused, and still focus, on the diagnosis and rehabilitation of Mastication exclusively in the maxillaries, by excluding any multi-structural correlation.
This type of approach denotes a clear 'reductionism' in the contents of the system itself because in biology, it is more realistic to consider the functionality of systems such as "Complex Systems" that do not operate in a linear way. These systems employ a stochastic approach, in which the interaction of the various constituents generates an ‘Emergent Behaviour’ (EB)<ref>{{Cite book
This kind of approach denotes a clear 'reductionism' in the contents of the system itself: in biology, it is more realistic to consider the functionality of systems such as "Complex Systems" that do not operate in a linear way. These systems employ a stochastic approach, in which the interaction of the various constituents generates an ‘Emergent Behaviour’ (EB)<ref>{{Cite book
| autore = Florio T
| autore = Florio T
| autore2 = Capozzo A
| autore2 = Capozzo A
| LCCN =
| LCCN =
| OCLC =
| OCLC =
}}</ref> of the system itself. <ref>{{Cite book
}}</ref> of the same system.<ref>{{Cite book
| autore = de Boer RJ
| autore = de Boer RJ
| autore2 = Perelson AS
| autore2 = Perelson AS
}}</ref>}}
}}</ref>}}
The paradigmatic result, reverses the tendency to consider the masticatory system as a simple kinematic organ and goes well beyond the traditional mechanicistic procedure of Classical Gnathology.
The paradigmatic result reverses the tendency to consider the masticatory system as a simple kinematic organ, and goes well beyond the traditional mechanistic procedure of Classical Gnathology.
This aspect also introduces a type of indeterministic profile of biological functions, in which the function of a system presents as a network of multiple related elements.
This aspect also introduces a type of indeterministic profile of biological functions, in which the function of a system presents itself as a network of multiple related elements.
In addition to interpreting the state of this system, it should be stimulated from the outside to analyse the evoked response, as it is typical of indeterministic systems.<ref>{{Cite book
In addition to interpreting its state, this system should be stimulated from the outside to analyse the evoked response, as it is typical of indeterministic systems.<ref>{{Cite book
| autore = Lewis ER
| autore = Lewis ER
| autore2 = MacGregor RJ
| autore2 = MacGregor RJ
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
It is, therefore, essential to switch from a simple and linear model of dental clinic to a Stochastic Complex model of masticatory neurophysiology.
It is, therefore, essential to switch from a simple and linear model of dental clinic to a Stochastic Complex model of masticatory neurophysiology.
[[File:VEMP.jpg|left|frame|'''Figure 1:''' EMG trace representing a vestibular evoked potential recorded on the masseter muscles. Note that p11 and n21 indicate the potential latency at 11 and 21 ms from the acoustic stimulus]]
[[File:VEMP.jpg|left|frame|'''Figure 1:''' EMG trace representing a vestibular evoked potential recorded on the masseter muscles. Note that p11 and n21 indicate the potential latency at 11 and 21 ms from the acoustic stimulus]]
As a confirmation of this more complex and integrated approach to interpret the functions of mastication, a study is presented here where the profile of a "Neural Complex System" emerges. In the mentioned study, the organic and functional connection of the vestibular system with the trigeminal system was analysed. <ref>{{Cite book
As a confirmation of this more complex and integrated approach to interpret the functions of mastication, a study is presented here where the profile of a "Neural Complex System" emerges. In the mentioned study, the organic and functional connection of the vestibular system with the trigeminal system was analysed. <ref>{{Cite book
| opera = Cranio
| opera = Cranio
| anno = 1997
| anno = 1997
| editore = American Academy of Head, Neck and Facial Pain; American Academy of Orofacial Pain; American Academy of Pain Management; American College of Prosthodontists; American Equilibration Society and Society of Occlusal Studies; American Society of Maxillofacial Surgeons; American Society of Temporomandibular Joint Surgeons; International College of Cranio-mandibular Orthopedics; Society for Occlusal Studies.
| editore = American Academy of Head, Neck and Facial Pain; American Academy of Orofacial Pain; American Academy of Pain Management; American College of Prosthodontists; American Equilibration Society and Society of Occlusal Studies; American Society of Maxillofacial Surgeons; American Society of Temporomandibular Joint Surgeons; International College of Cranio-mandibular Orthopedics; Society for Occlusal Studies
| città =
| città =
| ISBN =
| ISBN =
| LCCN =
| LCCN =
| OCLC =
| OCLC =
}}</ref>, Talley (1990) <ref>Talley RL1, Murphy GJ, Smith SD, Baylin MA, Haden JL., Standards for the history, examination, diagnosis, and treatment of temporomandibular disorders(TMD): a position paper. American Academy of Head, Neck and Facial Pain. Cranio. 1990 Jan;8(1):60-77. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2098190
}}</ref>, Talley (1990)<ref>{{Cite book
</ref>, Bergamini e Prayer-Galletti (1990)<ref>{{Cite book
| autore = Talley RL
| autore2 = Murphy GJ
| autore3 = Smith SD
| autore4 = Baylin MA
| autore5 = Haden JL
| titolo = Standards for the history, examination, diagnosis, and treatment of temporomandibular disorders(TMD): a position paper
| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2098190
| volume =
| opera = Cranio
| anno = 1990
| editore = American Academy of Head, Neck and Facial Pain
| città =
| ISBN =
| PMID = 2098190
| PMCID =
| DOI = 10.1080/08869634.1990.11678302
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| LCCN =
| OCLC =
}}</ref>, Bergamini e Prayer-Galletti (1990)<ref>{{Cite book
| autore = Prayer Galletti S
| autore = Prayer Galletti S
| autore2 = Colonna MT
| autore2 = Colonna MT
To move more easily in this medical branch, a different scientific-clinical approach is required, one that widens the horizons of competence in fields such as bioengineering and neurobiology.
To move more easily in this medical branch, a different scientific-clinical approach is required, one that widens the horizons of competence in fields such as bioengineering and neurobiology.
It is, therefore, essential to focus attention on how to take trigeminal electrophysiological signals in response to a series of triggers evoked by an electrophysiological device, treating data and determining an organic-functional value of the trigeminal and masticatory systems.
It is, therefore, essential to focus attention on how to take trigeminal electrophysiological signals in response to a series of triggers evoked by an electrophysiological device, treating data and determining an organic-functional value of the trigeminal and masticatory systems as anticipated by Marom Bikson and coll. in their «''[[:File:Electrical stimulation of cranial nerves in cognition and disease.pdf|Electrical stimulation of cranial nerves in cognition and disease]]''».
We should think of a system that unifies the mastication and neurophysiological functions by introducing a new term: "'''Neuro-Gnathological Functions'''" which will be object of a dedicated chapters.
We should think of a system that unifies the mastication and neurophysiological functions by introducing a new term: "'''Neuro-Gnathological Functions'''" which will be object of a dedicated chapters.
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{{apm}}[[Category:Introduction]]
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[[Category:Source Chapter]]
[[Category:Source Chapter]]